“Those who take refuge truly and wholeheartedly, freeing
themselves from all delusional attachments and all concern with the
propitious or unpropitious, must never take refuge in spirits or
non-Buddhist
teachings.”[1]
Unenlightened beings are the karmic cause for the existence of
unenlightened samsaric realms. Their individual and collective
karma actually manifested the realms, worlds and universes in which
they live. Contrary to this, Enlightened beings or Buddhas,
naturaly and karmically manifest Pure Lands or Enlightened realms.
If a so called "supreme being" created a world like ours that means
he is not enlightened, because if he was enlightened this world
would have been perfect and inhabitted by perfectly enlightened
beings. Amida Buddha (and any Buddha!) does not pretend to be the
creator of this samsaric world, but only of His enlightened Pure
Land, where He vowed to bring all samsaric beings for their final
liberation (attainment of Buddhahood/Nirvana).
Any person who pretends to be the creator and owner of this
world or any samsaric world is afflicted with arrogance and is
hungry for power - a feature which is often found in some gods and
especially in some powerful pretas (hungry spirits) who have
connection with the human realms. The attitude of such spirits or
gods is an imperialist one, that is, to receive the praise and
submission of as many beings as possible. I already gave the
example of Baka Brahma in my article, There is no supreme
Creator God in the Buddha Dharma, who was mislead by Mara into
believing that he was "the Omniscient, the Omnipotent, the Lord
God, the Maker, the Creator, the Chief, the Ordainer, the Almighty,
the Father of all that are and that will be" and was corrected
by Shakyamuni Buddha, but those who have such imperialist tendency
are not only from the realms of gods, but from the preta (hungry
ghost/spirits) realms, too. My opinion is that most of the gods who
live way beyond our human realm are more busy with enjoying their
beautiful long lives, than dealing with the affairs of the humans.
So, I think that the pretas are more connected with us, and more
involved with our plane of existence.
As I explained in my article The Six Realms of Samsaric
Existence (section on the pretas), there are various types of
pretas, and not all of them are weak or tortured by mere hunger or
thirst. Some pretas have great powers due to a previous good karma
and merits,
"The pretas differ much one from another; certain of them
possess supernatural powers and enjoy a glory similar to that of
the gods”.[2]
(Bodhisattva Vasubandhu)
but also great arrogance and pride.
Among the pretas, the category called gyalposin
Tibetan are the most powerful. Gyalpo means "king" or "royal" and
it indicates the various leaders of the preta plane of existence,
so they are from the same category Vasubandhu reffered to in the
above. It is said that in their past lives they were great
practitioners who accumulated merit, but were not able to overcome
pride and arrogance, or they died with thoughts of hate, vengeance,
etc.
Generally speaking, all the pretas have the tendency to
influence others. They are all eager for attention, offerings, etc,
but the gyalpos have the best power to put this wish into action.
They can be masters of
deceit[3]; they can disguise
in various ways, even take the appearance of masters of the past or
Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, and they like to impart various so called
"teachings". There are some stories of advanced Buddhist
practitioners who were tricked by gyalpos. This category of pretas
can also perform miracles and offer visions to make people entrust
and obey to them.
Into my opinion, the abrahamic/monotheist religions (Judaism,
Christianity, Islam) were caused by such powerful pretas with
imperialist tendencies. All of these religions were founded arround
visions, miracles and a central authoritarian "divine" figure who
pretends total subsmission from his believers. The jealousy of the
"god" of Old Testament is clearly expressed in the first of the ten
comandments and in other passages of the same text. This is also
accepted in Christianity:
"I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of
Egypt, out of the house of bondage.You shall have no other gods
before me. You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any
likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the
earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall
not bow down to them or serve them; for I the Lord your God am a
jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children
to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but
showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep
my commandments."
Also in the Quran there are many passages like that, but I
quote here only a few:
“Follow what thou art taught by inspiration from thy Lord:
there is no god but He: and turn aside from those who join gods
with Allah.”(Qur’an 6:106)
"The worst of beasts in the sight of Allah are those
who reject Him: They will not believe."
(Qur’an 8:55)
“Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. And those with him
are hard (ruthless) against the disbelievers and merciful among
themselves" (Qur'an 48:29)
“I will cast terror into the hearts of those who
disbelieved, so strike [them] upon the necks and strike from them
every fingertip.” (Qur’an8:12)
“Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last
Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and
His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they
are) of the People of the Book(Jews or Christians), until
they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves
subdued.” (Qur’an 9:29)
As we can clearly see here, such a "god" is clearly NOT an
Enlightened being, but a person dominated by jealousy, frustration
and anger, who shares his so called "love" only with those who
love him or follow his instructions, and punishes the lack of
obedience of fathers to the third and fourth generations. Also, in
the case of the Quran, he encourages his worshippers to be ruthless
with non-believers, whom he himself regards as "beasts" and does
his best to terrorize them!
What a difference between such angry spirits dominated by the
need for attention and a Buddha who has undiscriminative Compassion
for all beings, no matter they accept His teachings or not! A
Buddha does not need the attention and worship of others, He is not
affected if beings love Him or despise Him. Praise or critic do not
influence Him. All He does for unenlightened beings arises from His
pure Wisdom and Compassion:
"The Buddhas of the ten quarters think compassionately on
sentient beings just as a mother thinks of her
child."[4]
Also, how do all Buddhas try to convince us to entrust to
Amida Buddha? Clearly, not by force, nor terror, and not by
threatening to destroy us and our children to the third and fourth
generations:
"Sakyamuni and all the other Buddhas
Are truly our compassionate father and mother.
With various compassionate means they lead us to awaken
Supreme shinjin (faith in Amida Buddha) that is true and real."[5]
Are truly our compassionate father and mother.
With various compassionate means they lead us to awaken
Supreme shinjin (faith in Amida Buddha) that is true and real."[5]
Clearly, no good can come from entrusting to some worldly
jealous and vengeful spirits, no matter if the teachings associated
with them do contain some good elements, too. Powerful pretas (and
their followers, too) can have their own spiritual evolution, some
may be better than others, but certainly, not one of them is
enlightened and none escaped from the slavery of the three poisons:
ignorance, greed/attachement and aversion. Contrary to this, taking
refuge in a Buddha will lead us, sooner or later, to Enlightenment.
Thus, one must be extremely careful to whom he is entrusting
oneself to, as the effect is simmilar to the cause. If we take
refuge in samsaric spirits, no matter how powerful they are, we
will never escape samsara; if we take refuge in the Buddhas, and
especially in Amida Buddha, we will ourseles attain
Buddhahood.
Namo Amida Butsu
- fragment from a letter to a friend who wanted to mix
faith in Amida Buddha
with belief in a monotheistic religion and who thought that the "god" of these religions
is the same with Amida Buddha -
with belief in a monotheistic religion and who thought that the "god" of these religions
is the same with Amida Buddha -
related articles:
- Some Buddhist explanations on the origin and existence of the universe
- Two questions on Buddha-nature and Samsara
- The six realms of samsaric existence
- Belief in a creator god is an obstacle to shinjin (faith in Amida Buddha)
[1] Shinran Shonin
quoted this passage from the Sutra of the Ten Wheels of
Ksitigarbha.
[2]
Abhidharmakosabhasyam, English translation by Leo M. Pruden;
Berkeley, Calif, Asian Humanities Press, 1991; vol 2
[3] However, not all
gyalpo spirits manifest a negative and imperialist attitude. There
are also some gyalpo who can show interest in the Dharma, but as
they have an inconstant character and pride and anger are some of
their main features, they can be easily offended and manipulated by
the Maras.
[4] The 'Chapter of
Mahasthamaprapta' of the Sutra of the Samadhi of Heroic
Advance.
[5] Shinran
Shonin, Hymn of the Two Gateways of Entrance and
Emergence, The Collected Works of
Shinran, Shin Buddhism Translation Series, Jodo
Shinshu Hongwanji-ha, Kyoto, 1997, p.629